diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index 66700e9..850f81c 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# REDCapCAST 25.2.1
+
+* FIX: `as_factor()` now interprets empty variables with empty levels attribute as logicals to avoid returning factors with empty levels.
+
 # REDCapCAST 25.1.1
 
 The newly introduced extension of `forcats::fct_drop()` has been corrected to work as intended as a method.
diff --git a/R/as_factor.R b/R/as_factor.R
index 27e424a..b60ab3e 100644
--- a/R/as_factor.R
+++ b/R/as_factor.R
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 #' Please refer to parent functions for extended documentation.
 #' To avoid redundancy calls and errors, functions are copy-pasted here
 #'
+#' Empty variables with empty levels attribute are interpreted as logicals
+#'
 #' @param x Object to coerce to a factor.
 #' @param ... Other arguments passed down to method.
 #' @param only_labelled Only apply to labelled columns?
@@ -24,7 +26,14 @@
 #'   labels = c(Unknown = 9, Refused = 10),
 #'   class = "haven_labelled"
 #' ) |>
-#'   as_factor()
+#'   as_factor() |> class()
+#' structure(rep(NA,10),
+#'   class = c("labelled")
+#' ) |>
+#'   as_factor() |> summary()
+#'
+#' rep(NA,10) |> as_factor()
+#'
 #' @importFrom forcats as_factor
 #' @export
 #' @name as_factor
@@ -46,8 +55,6 @@ as_factor.logical <- function(x, ...) {
   set_attr(x, labels, overwrite = FALSE)
 }
 
-
-
 #' @rdname as_factor
 #' @export
 as_factor.numeric <- function(x, ...) {
@@ -121,7 +128,13 @@ as_factor.haven_labelled <- function(x, levels = c("default", "labels", "values"
 
   x <- structure(x, label = label)
 
-  set_attr(x, labels_all, overwrite = FALSE)
+  out <- set_attr(x, labels_all, overwrite = FALSE)
+
+  if (all_na(out) & length(levels(out))==0){
+    as_factor.logical(out)
+  } else {
+    out
+  }
 }
 
 #' @export
diff --git a/man/as_factor.Rd b/man/as_factor.Rd
index 4e7c2a4..8ed1012 100644
--- a/man/as_factor.Rd
+++ b/man/as_factor.Rd
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ ta loss in case of rich formatted and labelled data.
 \details{
 Please refer to parent functions for extended documentation.
 To avoid redundancy calls and errors, functions are copy-pasted here
+
+Empty variables with empty levels attribute are interpreted as logicals
 }
 \examples{
 # will preserve all attributes
@@ -77,5 +79,12 @@ structure(c(1, 2, 3, 2, 10, 9),
   labels = c(Unknown = 9, Refused = 10),
   class = "haven_labelled"
 ) |>
-  as_factor()
+  as_factor() |> class()
+structure(rep(NA,10),
+  class = c("labelled")
+) |>
+  as_factor() |> summary()
+
+rep(NA,10) |> as_factor()
+
 }